Losing crucial Kansas habitat, federal agency to decide whether to protect Monarchs
BY SARAH SPICER
DECEMBER 14, 2020 05:01 AM,
UPDATED 3 HOURS 52 MINUTES AGO
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This week, a decision is expected as to whether the Monarch, the famously recognizable orange and black colored butterfly, will receive endangered species status in the U.S.
Perhaps considered “native Kansans,” Eastern Monarchs lay vast proportions of their offspring in the state, their caterpillars depending on Kansas’ native milkweed as their sole food source.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is
expected to decide by Dec. 15 if the Monarch’s plummeting population warrants listing and will be protected federally under the Endangered Species Act. If the agency decides that Monarch Butterflies are protected, it will make it illegal to kill, harm or harass the insects and restrict the destruction of certain plants, like Milkweed.
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Habitat loss and climate change in Kansas and North America have caused an estimated 85% reduction in the Monarch population since the 1980s, according to the
Center for Biological Diversity.
Monarch Butterflies are counted when they land on fir trees and winter in Mexico by counting the acres they take up. Researchers have estimated that 6 hectares, or 15 acres, is the level where Monarch butterflies begin to go extinct.
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The most recent count found Monarch butterflies in only 2.83 hectares or 7 acres, less than half the extinction threshold.
“Scientists think that they’re not gonna rebound,” said Tierra Curry, a senior scientist with the Center for Biological Diversity, who has been working on getting Monarch’s protected status for seven years.
Worse off are the Western Monarch butterflies, which winter in California. This year,
fewer than 2,000 Western Monarch butterflies were counted, falling from 27,000 two years ago and a couple million in the late 1990s.
CLIMATE CHANGE
With increased severe weather events and hotter, drier conditions across North America, climate change causes several problems for the Monarch butterfly, according to Curry. As March temperatures in Mexico and Texas warm up, the butterflies get confused and migrate too early, leading to high mortality rates.
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“If it’s too warm in Mexico in the winter now and they stay active and deplete their body condition,” Curry said. “Then they fly north again too early, and we get a freak spring storm snowstorm and it kills them.”.
Researchers have also observed that Monarchs aren’t able to get enough food for their migration during hot and dry weather.
“In the winter in Mexico, there aren’t as many flowers, so they have to put on all the weight to migrate to Mexico, survive the winter, and fly north again,” Curry said. “If it’s hot and dry and the flowers are dried up, then they just don’t get there in good enough body condition to survive the winter.”
The Monarchs overwintering in the mountains in Mexico, which are warming due to climate change. Unfortunately, these sites are the Monarch’s “Achilles’s heel,” and without them, the butterflies cannot survive, according to Dr. Orley Taylor, who founded and is the current director of Monarch Watch in Lawrence, Kansas.
“The predictions are that they’ll get pushed off the mountains by climate change,” Taylor said. “There’s just not gonna be any space left on that mountain...Warming temperatures at the overwintering sites are going to cause physiological stress of the Monarchs, to move further north or further up in elevation, but there’s only so far that they can move.”
HABITAT LOSS AND FARMER IMPACTS
Monarchs have lost an estimated
147 million acres of habitat since the early 1990s, a space nearly three times the size of Kansas.
Research found that most Monarch butterflies were being produced in Kansas corn and soybean fields with milkweed. Still, as more acres were being farmed and an influx of herbicide-resistant crops were introduced, Monarchs began dying, according to Taylor. Monarchs have lost approximately
147 million acres of habitat since the early 1990s, a space nearly three times the size of Kansas.
“Monarchs took a double hit, and then they have continued to lose habitat at a rate of an aggregate of two million acres a year since that time,” Taylor said. “The fragmentation that is provided by the intensification of agriculture just makes it more and more difficult for these butterflies to reproduce.”
Concerns that the listing may
penalize farmers if they remove milkweed from their land has led to some criticism of the possibility of Monarchs’ listing as an endangered species. But farmers have little to worry about, according to Curry.
“I don’t think that the Fish and Wildlife Service will list them in such a way that it would significantly interfere with farming activities,” Curry said.
If the Monarchs are listed as an endangered species, there will be a public comment period, during which support and concerns can be voiced.
KANSAS CONSERVATION PLAN
Kansas developed a Monarch Conservation Plan that was finalized in Sept. 2019 to address specific threats posed to Monarch, such as mismanagement, habitat loss and breeding issues, according to Chris Berens, Chief of Ecological Services for the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism.
Under the plan, the state has created pollinator plots, restored habitat in state parks, and worked with private landowners to develop habitat conservation plans. Still, lack of funding has been a setback for the plan’s implementation, according to Berens.
The federal listing of the Monarchs under the Endangered Species Act would create a federal recovery plan for the butterflies and add much-needed funding to help conserve their habitats and populations, according to Curry.
Conservation and animal rights groups originally
petitioned the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2014 for Monarch protections and later
sued in 2016.
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